The essence of information management test points

1. Explanation of terms
information:The expression of the way things exist and the state of movement, the way things exist and the state of movement perceived or expressed by the subject. "Things" generally refer to all possible objects existing in human society, thinking activities and nature. "Mode of existence" refers to the internal structure and external connections of things. "Motion" broadly refers to changes in all senses, including mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, mental and social movements. "Motion state" refers to the characteristics, situations and laws of things changing in time and space.

data:Physical symbols that are arranged and combined according to certain rules to load or record information.

Knowledge:The correct conclusion reached by the information recipient through refining and reasoning about the information

Metadata:It is specially used to describe the characteristics and attributes of data. It is also a language and tool for describing, organizing and discovering information resources.

Data warehouse:It is the basis of the decision support architecture. It is a subject-oriented, integrated, relatively stable data collection that reflects historical changes and is used to support management decisions.

Information retrieval:The process of identifying and obtaining required information from any collection of information and a series of methods and strategies adopted

Information source:The source of information, including the results and various original records produced by people in scientific research activities, production operations, cultural activities and all other activities, as well as the finished products obtained by processing and sorting these results and original records

Information management:To manage social information generated by human information activities, in a narrow sense, is to use various technical methods and means to organize, control, store, retrieve and plan information, and to guide it to predetermined goals; in a broad sense, it is to reasonably organize and control various elements involved in information activities to achieve a reasonable allocation of information and related resources, so as to effectively meet the information requirements of society.

Information services:An activity that provides users with required information in different ways, including: 1. collecting, evaluating, selecting, organizing, storing and ordering information scattered on different carriers; 2. conducting research on users and information needs in order to provide valuable information

Information organization:The process of using certain rules, methods and technologies to describe and reveal the external characteristics and content characteristics of information, and arranging them according to given parameters and sequence formulas, so as to convert information from an unordered set to an ordered set.

Information exchange:The process of exchanging information between cognitive subjects at different times or different spaces

Matthew effect:It describes the accumulation process of advantages and disadvantages: once there is an advantage, this advantageous situation will continue to be strengthened; conversely, if it is at a disadvantage, this disadvantageous condition will continue to intensify.

Data mart:Data marts are usually designed to meet the needs of specific, homogeneous business user groups (such as marketing, finance, human resources, etc.).
two, other
1. Is content that is not perceived by the subject (human) information?
no

2. The subject has the ability to think and have purpose. Therefore, does the same information have the same effect on different subjects?
different

3. How to understand information as a resource?
The slogan that information is a resource is misleading. The significance of information as a resource lies in the user of the information. Information without control and organization is no longer a resource. Instead, it becomes the enemy of information workers. The significance of information as a resource does not lie in the information itself, nor does it depend on whether you master the information. Second, it lies in your thinking about the information, that is, the management of the information.

4. Limitations of information resource management
① Only focusing on the management of explicit knowledge and ignoring the management of tacit knowledge greatly limits the scope of management and the effectiveness of information management.

② Only focusing on the final results of human intellectual labor while ignoring the learning and innovation process cannot achieve comprehensive information management.

③ Only focusing on providing information to users and not paying enough attention to users' needs for information limits the realization of information utility value.

④ Only focusing on the free flow of information within the organization and ignoring the value-added issue of information affects the organization's evaluation of information.

5. What is the difference between information management and management information systems?
Information management includes the collection, storage, transmission, exchange, and control of information, the formulation of information policies, regulations, etc.

British scholar Martin believes that MIS is a "management tool that provides specific information for a clearly defined management level."

It is narrower in scope than information management activities.
6. The three important resources of information systems are information, information Technology and people. Which of these three resources do you think is the most important? Why? What's the least important? Why?
People are most important. ——When data is converted into information, it is people who give it content, meaning and value, and it is these people who can obtain value from the information. Information technology is helpful in the middle stages of the information life cycle - storage, induction and dissemination. But it doesn't help much with the creation or use of information.

Which is the most important, information or information technology?

Imagine a world with a pipe complex. In this bizarre world, all the talk is about sewer pipes, and pictures of the plumbing king appear on the covers of various publications. They are the richest people in the world. Many companies spend millions, billions, or even trillions to connect all the plumbing facilities to ensure that pipes reach every desk, every home office, and even every car. But what did they overlook? water!

7. Three perspectives of information conservation:
S Information conservation means that any information producer, as long as the information is transmitted from his brain to the external world, this information will exist forever.

R information conservation describes the unique "0" or "1" characteristics of the information recipient when receiving the information. Information is either received or selectively filtered.

The "information stack" transmits information conservation, that is, T (Transfer) information conservation ensures the conservation of information output and information input, and ensures that the content of the information is not tampered with or damaged during various processing and processing of information.

8. The applicable condition for the principle of multidirectional symmetry is a homogeneous and uniformly distributed external medium. When this condition does not hold, what rules does information diffusion follow?
①Topological principles of information transmission (information stack topology diagram)?

The topological principle means that when information is transmitted from S to R, if the medium environment is uniform, S-R is the most direct and fastest transmission. However, under the condition of non-uniform media, the S-R information flow will undergo topological transformation, that is, various "information stacks" will appear during the transmission process to transmit information, because every change in the information medium must go through a conversion and be transformed by the "information stack".

②Multiple pass law?

The multi-channel transmission rule, also known as the multi-channel principle, means that in the process of information transmission from S to R, in addition to the direct communication between S and R, information can also be transmitted to the recipient R through other channels, through or without passing through the information stack.

9. The Law of Diminishing Density of Information Transmission
From a spatial perspective, let S be the information source, and let it transmit information outward with sound at time t. Information is sent in an isotropically symmetrical form, taking on a circumferentially symmetrical shape. If the pressure of his voice is used as the information characteristic, it is obvious that if the pressure is strong, the message will be more likely to be perceived. When the pressure is reduced to a certain level, the message will not be perceived by the recipient.

From a time perspective, there is also information decay, that is, the information generated by S will decay more seriously as time goes by.

In addition to the decreasing information density in physical space, the same is true in mental space. On the timeline, there is also an accumulation process of knowledge. Of the information learned in modern times, 1/3 may be eliminated in 10 years, and half may be outdated in 20 years.

10. How to treat the law of diminishing information and TConservation law?
Unsolved

11. How do you view the scientific nature and shortcomings of Brinell's Law?
1. The empirical color is relatively heavy (insufficient);

2. Proposed the idea of ​​hierarchical ranking to determine the core journal area;

3. Determine the distribution pattern of relevant papers in journal sources;

4. This rule can be further extended to the distribution of information units.

12. Zip's law
If each word in a long article (approximately 5,000 words or more) is arranged in descending order by its frequency of occurrence (high-frequency words in front, low-frequency words in the back), and natural numbers are used to rank these words (the highest frequency of occurrence is level 1, followed by level 2...and so on until level D), if f is used to represent the frequency of the word appearing in the article, and r is used to represent the level of the word, then there is:

f r=c (c is a constant)

(The one with the highest frequency is level 1)

13. For example: the half-life of physics literature is 4.6, two meanings:
Ø 50% of the physics literature still in use today has a publication age of no more than 4.6 years.

Ø The time it takes for half of physics literature to expire is also 4.6 years.

14． Factors affecting the aging of literature information
(1) Literature growth. The growth and aging of literature are two aspects of the same thing. They describe the development of science from different aspects and illustrate the revision rate of scientific knowledge.

(2) Subject differences. 93% to 98% of the world's scientific magazines have a citation life of about 20 years. However, not all the literature in these disciplines ages at roughly the same rate. On the contrary, they differ greatly from each other.

(3) Differences in the development stages of disciplines. Even in the same discipline, in different periods or stages, the half-life of documents is not exactly the same.

(4) Information environment and needs. Different information users have different needs for documents, so it is very necessary to study the needs of information users and the information environment they live in.

15. We call the proportion of relevant information retrieved from the information base the reproduction rate, that is, AELMD/AEFD in the figure;The proportion of the information that is actually required is called the fitness rate, which is AELMD/AKMD in the figure.;EKL in the picturePart of it is false detection information, that is, unnecessary information; LFMAlthough some of the required information is not retrieved, it is called missed information; AEHG/ABJGIndicates the existence rate of institutional information. When using information, we should check and evaluate the most appropriate storage capacity of information, information retrieval methods, information utilization rate, and information efficiency according to the aforementioned viewpoints to evaluate the economic efficiency of information. There is no point in evaluating information without considering its economics. For Figure 4?1ABJG inIt is impossible to collect all parts. The ability and means to mine information sources should be equipped in advance to provide the required information at any time according to the changing information needs of the organization. Actively utilizing external information service agencies and networks to establish the best information structure for the organization can be said to be the best strategy for information management.
16. Data warehouse is the foundation of decision support architecture
Ø Subject-oriented: In terms of subject-oriented, this refers to the “nouns” of the organization (such as customers, logistics, finance, marketing, and sales).

Ø Integrated: The data warehouse provides an integrated view of some subject areas that are mainly involved in the enterprise.

Ø Non-volatile: Data in the data warehouse cannot be updated directly by users, but can only be accessed.

Ø Time-varying: Even if the data changes over time, the data warehouse still retains its historical view.

19. What are the main reasons affecting search results?
Search strategies and search method issues
Information system organizational structure and retrieval system function issues
20. Why do multi-business data source companies succeed?
1. Discover data

2. Guarantee privacy

3. Pay attention to safety

4. Simple and easy to use.

twenty one. What is the position of information services in information management?
It is the starting point and destination of information management activities.

twenty two. What is the ultimate purpose of information services?
Deliver valuable information to users

Information service actually means disseminating information, exchanging information and realizing information

a value-added activity

3. Calculation questions
1． Lotka's law:
f(yx)= C/x2= y x / ∑ y x (C=60.79%)
f(yx): Indicates the frequency of occurrence of authors who wrote x papers
yx represents the number of authors who wrote x papers
2. Assume that in "Wanfang Database", the authors who write information management articles are1000People, according to Lotka's law, this1000Renzhong, published3Approximately how many authors are there in this information management article?
Solution: f(yx)= C/x2= y x / ∑ y x =1000X60.79%/9=68 people
3. Price's Law
Half of all papers in a given field are authored by the square root of all authors in that field. M=0.749(max)1/2
4. hypothesis2000-2004In the year, the total number of people who published information management articles in the "China Journal Network Database" was10000people, among whom the number of most prolific authors is25People, everyone publishes articles16Articles, according to Pryce's law, find the number of people in the high-yield author area, and the minimum number of articles published by the authors in the high-yield area.
Number of people in the productive author area: (10,000) 1/2 = 100 (people)
Minimum number of articles=0.749(nmax)1/2= 0.749 X 4=3
5. Bradford's Law of Dispersion
If scientific journals are arranged in descending order by the number of papers published on a certain subject topic, it is possible to distinguish among all these journals the "core" section with the highest publication rate and the subsequent sections containing the same number of papers as the core section. In this case, the number of journals contained in the core section and the subsequent sections is in the relationship of 1:a:a2 (a>1).
6. Price Curve
If we take the volume of documents as the vertical axis and historical era as the horizontal axis, plot the volume of documents in different eras point by point on a coordinate chart, and then connect the points with a smooth curve, we can very approximately represent the law of document growth over time. This is the famous Price Curve.
F(t)=a e bt…………………… (3-23)?
In the formula: a is the amount of literature at the initial moment of statistics (t=0);
e=2.718;?
b represents the sustained growth rate. ?
People often use the time it takes for the volume of literature to double to measure the growth rate of literature, that is?
t′=?ln 2/b…………………… (3-24)?
In the formula: t′ is the doubling time of the literature volume, and b is the sustained growth rate.
7. Assume that at a certain initial time, the amount of literaturea=10000,growth rateb=10%求10Volume of literature after the year and literature doubling time.
Then the amount of literature after 10 years F (10) = 10000 * e 0.1 (10) = 27183
The time for the literature to double is tˊ=ln2/b=0.693/0.1=6.93 (years)
8. The total amount of literature is10000，b=0.1The doubling time istˊ=ln2/b=0.693/0.1=6.93(Year) Request nowλ=3/4，1/2，1/4，0's doubling time.
(1) The doubling time of λ literature is tˊ= tˊ/λ (λ≠0)
(2) When λ =0, F0(t)=lnaebt=lna +bt